昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中对天敌生物的影响研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是一类重要的微生物杀虫剂,广泛应用于农林害虫的生物防治。由于寄主范围广和主动侵染的特点,昆虫病原真菌在侵染、致死靶标害虫的同时,对包括天敌昆虫在内的非靶标节肢动物等会产生潜在的致病或亚致死风险。本文总结了昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中的研究进展及对天敌生物的影响,并展望了昆虫病原真菌作为极具潜力的生物农药与天敌生物联合防治害虫的未来发展方向。     

西南喀斯特地区草地生态系统面临的问题及对策

本文系统阐述了西南喀斯特地区草地生态系统的重要性,并分析了西南喀斯特地区草地生态系统面临的问题,主要为水土流失、土壤贫瘠、土地石漠化、生物多样性减少以及人类不合理利用等,针对上述问题提出了增加栽培草地面积、提高公众环保意识、调整农村产业结构、保持水土、防治石漠化、建立完善的监测评价体系等一系列相应对策,以期为喀斯特地区草地生态系统健康、稳定、持续发展提供一定的科学依据。     

食源性寄生虫的风险评估

风险(risk)是由一种或多种危害因子而引发危害事件的一种可能性或概率。危害因子可能属于物理的、化学的、微生物的范畴,病原微生物中的细菌、病毒、寄生虫等都可成为引发危害事件的风险因子。评估某一因子是否对人或其他生物构成威胁以及所危害的程度显得至关重要。事实上,存在于环境中的危险因子及其多种可能的传播途径都会引发多种危害性事件。因此,要想充分了解并揭示由危害因子引发危害的概率,以及其随后对人类健康造成的危害并非易事。风险评估则是对不良结果或不期望事件发生几率进行描述及定量的系统过程,现已被视为一种用于揭示存在于环境中的各种危害及其对人类健康造成的影响的方法。论文主要对食源性寄生虫风险评估的方法进行全面阐述。     

Detection of Invasive Borrelia burgdorferi Strains in North‐Eastern Piedmont,Italy

Following reports of human cases of Lyme borreliosis from the Ossola Valley, a mountainous area of Piemonte, north‐western Italy, the abundance and altitudinal distribution of ticks, and infection of these vectors with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were evaluated. A total of 1662 host‐seeking Ixodes ricinus were collected by dragging from April to September 2011 at locations between 400 and 1450 m above sea level. Additional 104 I. ricinus were collected from 35 hunted wild animals (4 chamois, 8 roe deer, 23 red deer). Tick density, expressed as the number of ticks per 100 m², resulted highly variable among different areas, ranging from 0 to 105 larvae and from 0 to 22 nymphs. A sample of 352 ticks (327 from dragging and 25 from wild animals) was screened by a PCR assay targeting a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of B. burgdorferi s.l. Positive samples were confirmed with a PCR assay specific for the 5S‐23S rRNA intergenic spacer region and sequenced. Four genospecies were found: B. afzelii (prevalence 4.0%), B. lusitaniae (4.0%), B. garinii (1.5%) and B. valaisiana (0.3%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the ospC gene showed that most of the Borrelia strains from pathogenic genospecies had the potential for human infection and for invasion of secondary body sites.     

转基因植物对环境生态平衡的影响

根据近年来国内外关于转基因植物的研究进展,结合维持生态平衡的3个主要因素,即物种组成、环境因素及信息系统,论述转基因植物对环境生态平衡的影响.     

中央森林生态效益补偿实施中的问题与对策探讨

根据中央森林生态效益补偿实施的现状，从政策、管理、机制等方面分析实施中存在的问题．提出解决问题的对策措施。     

7种乔木对SO_2清除能力的定量评价

本文采用基于ArcView软件的CITYgreen模型,以东北林业大学哈尔滨实验林场为例,结合航片判读与实地调查,对哈尔滨市7种主要乔木树种对SO2的清除能力进行了定量评价。结果表明：糖械对SO2的清除能力最强。其次是白桦。最弱的落叶阔叶树种为水曲柳。针叶树种对SO2的清除能力普遍低于阔叶树种。随着树木的生长其清除能力有逐步增强的趋势,其清除量增加的强度在生长旺期最大,以后其强度逐渐渐弱。     

Assessment of Rhizospheric Microorganisms of Transgenic Populus tomentosa with Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor (CpTI) Gene

To have a preliminary insight into biosafety of genetically transformed hybrid triploid poplars (Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. tomentosa with the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, two layers of rhizospheric soil (from 0 to 20 cm deep and from 20 to 40 cm deep, respectively) were collected for microorganism culture, counting assay and PCR analysis to assess the poten-tial impact of transgenic poplars on non-target microorganism population and transgene dispersal. When the same soil layer of suspension stock solution was diluted at both 1:1 000 and 1:10 000 rates, there were no significant differences in bacterium colony numbers between the inoculation plates of both transgenic and non-transgenic poplars. The uniform results were revealed for both soil layer suspension solutions of identical poplars at both dilution rates except for non-transgenic poplars at 1:10 000 dilution rates from the same type of soil. No significant variation in morphology of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed under the microscope. The potential transgene dispersal from root exudates or fallen leaves to non-target microbes was repudiated by PCR analysis, in which no CpTI gene specific DNA band was amplified for 15 sites of transgenic rhizospheric soil samples. It can be concluded that transgenic poplar with the CpTI gene has no severe impact on rhizospheric microorganisms and is tentatively safe to surrounding soil micro-ecosystem.     

肉桂枝枯病作为检疫性有害生物的风险评估

通过定性因素和定量指标体系相结合的方法对肉桂枝枯病进行评估，其属于中度危险性的林业有害生物，建议加强肉桂产地疫情的监测，防止病害的自然传播。将肉桂枝枯病的传播媒介肉桂泡盾盲蝽列为地方补充林业检疫性有害生物，加强检疫监管，防止人为传播。     

改善城市绿化生态效益的途径探讨

从国情和生态角度出发,针对当前城市绿化中存在的问题,以国内外城市改善生态环境成功经验为例,并通过树木和草坪的综合比较,提出城市绿化应因地制宜,以栽树为主,乔灌草结合,注重生态系统的完整性和效益最大化,发展生态园林,改善城市生态环境。